今天來說說work & labour。
為functionalist的學者來說，特別是始創人durkheim，整個社會就是一個大的division of labour。
你肚餓落街食野、搭車的司機、賣菜的嬸嬸、學校的老師．．．
所有人都是社會的一部分，他們的工作都是社會的一個元素。
對durkheim來說，現代社會（指工業革命後的社會，記著，整個社會學基本上就是在回應工業革命的！！）
跟傳統社會最大的分別就是，傳統社會是建基於mechanical solidarity，
在這種solidarity底下，人同人是因為相似、相近而走在一起，形成社群。
例如以前的族群，可能就是一群有共同信仰、血緣相近的人組成的。
現代社會則相反，social bond is built upon differences. In modern society, we have organic solidarity.
We are tied to each other because we cannot take care of all aspects of our life.
inter-dependence is very important for modern life.
這個就是功能學派的講法。
為marxian學者來說，work & labour就是capitalist exploit worker的方法。
在work & labour裡，worker要面對alienation的過程。那四種alienation，上次好似說過了啊~
alienation其中一個原因是，在現代社會有大量的mechanization, and specialization in production.
所以人的付出就少了，工作跟人的生活越來越沒有關係。
有一個說法是，甚麼是真正的工作呢？就是：
people do what they want to do at work, and do what they have to do at leisure.
但現在的情況是：
people do what they HAVE to do at work (which means they do not enjoy it), and do what they want to do at leisure (just relax, relax, shopping, shopping)...
就是這樣了~
好，然後說gender~~
承接著division of labour這概念，我們在社會裡也看到一個division of labour between home and work.
一般來說，我們自小接受到的socialization都告訴我們，men are responsible for work, and women are responsible for home.
But why is this???
Also, there're certain kinds of division of labour among occupations.
e.g. Women for secretary, teachers; men for construction workers, cook, etc.
好，為甚麼會有這個情況呢．．
啊，先回頭說說gender and sex的difference
sex is inborn, you're born to be a boy/girl
BUT FOR GENDER, it has to be made and re-made constantly...and there're many kinds of gender
e.g. 女人形、男人婆、淑女、紳士、君子、波牛、姣婆....all these images related to sexual difference can be seen as a gender..
symbolic interactionism學派認為，所有gender roles are culturally produced
e.g. Women usually take care of the home, the housework, NOT because of 女人就係做呢d野架啦，生出黎要持家有道，etc...
NONONO!!! they're culturally produced views about women...
the consequences are that men's interests are preserved.
Women sometimes have two works (housework + occupation), while men often have one only
Moreover, within the home, men are usually in charge of the money.
Women have to do the housework, but they do not really have much power at home.
Of course, in recent years, we see more and more women working,
but for some Marxian workers, this may only reflect a deeper degree of exploitation.
If the nature of work does not change, and if women are ill-treated, then we cannot call this is a kind of liberation of the women from home!!
Studies have shown that for work of similar nature, women are paid very less than men!!
So we see there're inequality of gender in the workplace and at home...
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