Introduction to Sociology...3

今天來說說work & labour。

為functionalist的學者來說，特別是始創人durkheim，整個社會就是一個大的division of labour。

你肚餓落街食野、搭車的司機、賣菜的嬸嬸、學校的老師．．．

所有人都是社會的一部分，他們的工作都是社會的一個元素。

對durkheim來說，現代社會（指工業革命後的社會，記著，整個社會學基本上就是在回應工業革命的！！）

跟傳統社會最大的分別就是，傳統社會是建基於mechanical solidarity，

在這種solidarity底下，人同人是因為相似、相近而走在一起，形成社群。

例如以前的族群，可能就是一群有共同信仰、血緣相近的人組成的。

現代社會則相反，social bond is built upon differences. In modern society, we have organic solidarity.

We are tied to each other because we cannot take care of all aspects of our life.

inter-dependence is very important for modern life.

這個就是功能學派的講法。

為marxian學者來說，work & labour就是capitalist exploit worker的方法。

在work & labour裡，worker要面對alienation的過程。那四種alienation，上次好似說過了啊~

alienation其中一個原因是，在現代社會有大量的mechanization, and specialization in production.

所以人的付出就少了，工作跟人的生活越來越沒有關係。

有一個說法是，甚麼是真正的工作呢？就是：

people do what they want to do at work, and do what they have to do at leisure.

但現在的情況是：

people do what they HAVE to do at work (which means they do not enjoy it), and do what they want to do at leisure (just relax, relax, shopping, shopping)...

就是這樣了~

好，然後說gender~~

承接著division of labour這概念，我們在社會裡也看到一個division of labour between home and work.

一般來說，我們自小接受到的socialization都告訴我們，men are responsible for work, and women are responsible for home.

But why is this???

Also, there're certain kinds of division of labour among occupations.

e.g. Women for secretary, teachers; men for construction workers, cook, etc.

好，為甚麼會有這個情況呢．．

啊，先回頭說說gender and sex的difference

sex is inborn, you're born to be a boy/girl

BUT FOR GENDER, it has to be made and re-made constantly...and there're many kinds of gender

e.g. 女人形、男人婆、淑女、紳士、君子、波牛、姣婆....all these images related to sexual difference can be seen as a gender..

symbolic interactionism學派認為，所有gender roles are culturally produced

e.g. Women usually take care of the home, the housework, NOT because of 女人就係做呢d野架啦，生出黎要持家有道，etc...

NONONO!!! they're culturally produced views about women...

the consequences are that men's interests are preserved.

Women sometimes have two works (housework + occupation), while men often have one only

Moreover, within the home, men are usually in charge of the money.

Women have to do the housework, but they do not really have much power at home.

Of course, in recent years, we see more and more women working,

but for some Marxian workers, this may only reflect a deeper degree of exploitation.

If the nature of work does not change, and if women are ill-treated, then we cannot call this is a kind of liberation of the women from home!!

Studies have shown that for work of similar nature, women are paid very less than men!!

So we see there're inequality of gender in the workplace and at home...

Introduction to Sociology...2

今天我們來談談social structure!

social structure就是一個社會的結構。結構裡有不同的等級，這些等級就叫class。

繼續沿用果三個學派去分析class吧。

首先係functionalist，為佢地來講，你一出世就係born into a social class，因為你既父母既社會地位，或多或少就缺定左你既社會地位。

functionalist認為，社會中不同的階層存在，係有意義的。因為社會需要呢一種inequality，同時灌輸俾社會入面既人一個訊息，就係呢一種inequality係必需的。

所以我地會諗：如果掃街同做醫生都賺咁多錢，仲邊有人會去辛苦讀咁多書做醫生呢？無左醫生既話，呢個社會既order就會亂。

呢一種諗法聽落好合理，但其實係社會化過程既一部分，係socialization過程裡，我地internalize and legitimize 呢一種想法。

所以exploitation、inequality睇落都有存在的價值。但現今好多人批評呢一個學派的，覺得佢地既學說，係合理化左對勞工、一般worker的不合理對待。

然後就係Marxian了。Marx對class的研究很深入。Marx將class主要分為bourgeois class 資產階級 同埋 working class。

點樣去分呢兩個class呢？就係bourgeois class擁有means of production生產的方法，例如機器、勞動力、資本。

bourgeois class靠　exploitation剝削　去獲取大量的利潤，令到兩個階層之間的貧富差距越來越大。

Marx認為，係capitalist的生產制度下，工人會面對alienation的問題。alienation係解異化，指人唔可以代入某種社會場景或關係裡面。

alienation包括四種：from product (workers produce the product but they don't have the money to buy it..think of the waiter who serves in high class restaurant,

they sell you the expensive food, but their salary can't afford them)

第二種, from the process of production itself (workers don't need to be involved in the process of production, they're just machines...think of the staff in japanese restaurant...

每次打招呼都係232孖4...XDD not sincere at all)

第三種, from human potential, (because labour has become a simple and mechanical task, you can't realized your potential in the job)

第四種, from fellow workers (everyone has to work independently, and at the same time, isolatedly. you don't have chance to communicate with others)

marx認為，capitalism終將過去，之後會出現一個classless的世界，不再有exploitation情況出現。

第三個學派，weberian。

Weber對class的睇法唔止從經濟入手，加入了一點點文化的因素。他認為，

社會分層social stratification，有好多個dimension，可以從經濟，亦可以從其他條件來分類，例如教育程度、品味．．

他認為每一個人都有一個social status，這個status是可以靠後天改變的，例如你讀多d書、學多樣樂器，可以提升你的social status。

換言之，social status depends on some virtues that you acquire throughout your social life. it's about honour, i.e. how other people view you

class係先天定的, ascribed; status係後天達到的，achieved。

做social stratification的分析時，兩個都要睇，不然會忽略了一些重要的事情。

當然，class can affect status, for example, a more wealthy family can of course afford more cultural activities, which can improve status, for its children~

weber 跟marx最大的分別是，他加入了個人的元素。class is not only determined objectively by your amount of wealth, but is also determined SUBJECTIVELY by how others look at you, how others develop a relation to you, and how you view yourself in society!

Introduction to Sociology...1

呢d係之前幫女朋友溫書時吹水打出來的...

可能對大家分析時事/任何事都有幫助...唔明既話即管問，因為好多複雜既野我省略左...

一般來說，要將sociology睇成一門科學，首先要承認的就是social fact的存在。

所謂social fact，就是一個既定的社會事實，人類係生活在其背景之下的。

it's the background of human actions. it's external to human beings.

it comes from human beings. But once they become a valid social fact, they appear AS IF they have their own life,

and then they will have impacts upon human beings.

如果無social fact，社會學就唔可以成為一門科學，因為無左研究既對象。

同時，在social fact之外，就係pattern of collective behaviour。

有一些人類的行為，係集體的，佢既原因、來源係集體的，表現出來既時候亦係透過一個群組。

例如family, school, church, peer group，都係一個群體，群體裡面既人當然唔係倒模咁一樣。

但係！佢地有一些表現係會相似的，而個原因就係佢地果個group。

社會學，因為係科學，所以要係value-free的。

所謂value-free，就係不將自己的價值觀加入去。

例如一個社會學家，佢唔會話homosexual marriage should not be legalized。

就算佢自己好唔鐘意同性戀，佢身為社會學家時，都唔可以咁講。

佢只可以去研究，同性戀婚姻合法化後，對社會有乜野影響。

例如現行既法例要點樣去修改，教育方面點配合．．諸如此類。

所有社會學既推論，都要經過觀察、實驗去驗證，否則只是猜想，不是有效的conclusion。

但係同一個問題，不同既社會學家有他們的取態。

sociology裡面，最大既三個學派，就係functionalist, marxian, interpretive。

首先係functionalist，佢既代表人物係emile durkheim。

佢既睇法係，研究一個social fact時，會注意佢既功能。

例如religion，佢既social functions係團結一個group，transmission of a certain set of values，等等。

又例如賭博，佢既social functions係release pressure, provide entertainment, provide topics for chat (social lubricant XDD)...

但記住，呢一派既學者，無話呢d functions一定係好的，亦無話因為有呢d functions，所以某d野應該存在。

無咁講過！！

佢地只係話，呢d野有咁咁咁既功能，而已。

marxian，或者叫social conflict perspective，代表人物當然係karl marx吧。偶像的說~~

為marx來說，整個社會可以分做兩部分：base and superstructure

base=economic relations, e.g. who owns properties? who owns the means of production (i.e. machines, labour, capital)?

superstructure=legal system, family, education, religion, ideology, culture...

marx認為，superstructure係建基於base的，一個社會既base係點，就決定左佢係superstructure會點。

而係我地現今呢個capitalist的社會裡，所有的culture都係為延續呢個不公平的制度而存在的。

所以例如電視劇，佢既作用就係entertainment、提供輕鬆不用腦的消遣，等大家睇完劇，第二日又高高興興咁返工，

繼續被剝削。

要解決呢個問題，就一定要change economic relations (change the base), reallocate the properties, re-define a new set of economic relations

第三種，interpretive，代表人物係max weber，所以有時亦叫weberian sociology

呢一種學派，重視既係understanding。

例如weber去研究capitalism的起源時，發現一開始d人唔係想狂賺錢的。

佢地，特別係protestant教徒，因為驚死左之後唔可以上天堂，they're afraid that they're not chosen by god

所以努力在現世表現自己，they try to show their worth by secular means, i.e. accumulate capital and delay enjoyment

努力工作，不享樂，就是現今西方資本主義的起源。

weber強調我地唔可以單看兩件事物的先後、關係去判斷他們的因果，而要去了解human actor的想法。

所以例如電視，我地唔可以就咁話電視劇有乜功能，亦唔可以話電視劇係助長資本主義繼續既麻醉藥，

weberian既做法，係去了解睇電視既人諗乜野，佢地點樣make sense of watching TV as a cultural action。

十個人睇宮心計，可能有十個理由，weber就想去了解佢地既理由，然後慢慢step by step, bit by bit to construct a picture of society

呢一派有少少係著重describe more than explain，但唔可以話佢唔explain，只係方法不同而已．．